FUW TRENDS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
(A Peer Review Journal)
e–ISSN: 2408–5162; p–ISSN: 2048–5170
keywords: Epidemiology, host range, molecular characterization, symptomatology
Rice is the primary and secondary host of many viruses, but the most important in Africa is the rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus. It is endemic in the continent and became important after the introduction of new high yielding exotic varieties from Asia that are susceptible to the virus. The pathogen was first noticed in 1966 in Kenya but it has since spread to other parts of Africa countries. It is environmentally stable, highly infectious and about six strains of the virus now exist. Transmitted both mechanically and by insect vectors belonging to the families Chrysomelidae (Chaetocnema spp., Dactylispa spp., Hispa unsambarica Weise, Sesselia pusilla Gartucker, Trichispa sericea Guerin); Tettigonidae (Conocephalus longipennis de Haan, C. merumontamus Sjostedt) and Coccinelidane (Chnootriba similis Thunberg). Yield losses caused by the virus range from 25 to 100%. Integrated pest management and breeding for resistant varieties are the best strategies so far suggested to reduce havoc caused by this pathogen to rice. This paper reviews the economic importance, distribution, host range, symptom, transmission, varietal reaction, yield loss assessment, epidemiology, molecular characteristics, management strategies and future research needs of the virus.
Abo ME 1998.Studies on the mode of transmission of rice yellow mottle virus Sobemovirus Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, pp. 200. Abo ME & Alegbejo MD 1997.Strategies for sustainable control of viral disease of some crops in Nigeria.J. Sustainable Agric., 10(2/3): 57-80. Abo ME & Sy AA 1998. Rice virus diseases: Epidemiology and management strategies. J. Sustainable Agric., 10(2/3): 113-134. Abo ME, Okusanya BA &Imolehin ED 1995. The status of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in Nigeria. Paper presented at the 1st International symposium on RYMVfrom 18-22 September, 1995, Mbe, WARDA/ADRAQ, Bouake, Cote d’Ivoire. Abo ME, Sy AA & Alegbejo MD 1998.Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in Africa.Evolution, distribution and economic significance on sustainable rice production and management strategies.J. Sustainable Agric., 11(2/3): 85-111. Abo ME, Alegbejo MD, Sy AA. & Sere Y 2002a. Field incidence of rice yellow mottle virus genus sobemovirus on rice and a weed species in the field in Cote d’ivoire.Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 50(1): 85-89. Abo ME, Ukwungwu MN & Onasanya A 2002b.The distribution, incidence, natural reservoir hosts and insect vectors of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), genus sobemovirus in northern Nigeria. Tropiculture, 20: 198-202. Abo ME, Gana AS, Maji AT, Ukwangwu MN & Imolehin ED 2005. The resistance of farmers rice varieties to rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) at Badeggi, Nigeria. Tropiculture, 23(2): 100-104. Absa J 2010.Screening and molecular characterization of near-isogenic lines for resistance to rice yellow mottle virus. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 61 pp. Abubakar Z, Ali F, Pinel A,Traore O, N’Guessan P, Notteghem JL, Kimmins F, Konate G & Fargette D2003. Phylogeography of rice yellow mottle virus in Africa.J. General Virology, 84:733-743. Aheer GM, Ahmed KJ & Ali A 1994. Role of weather in fluctuating aphid density in wheat crop.J. Sustainable Agric., 32: 295-301. Alam MS, John VT & Zan K 1984.Insect pest and disease of rice in Africa. In: Rice in Africa IITA Rice Production Manual, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Alam MS 1988. Evaluation of rice cultivars for resistance to Diapsis pongicarnis (Diptera: Diopsidae). Journal of Economics Entomology, 81(3): 934-936. Albar L, Pinel ML, Fargette D & Ghesquire A 1995. Evaluation of the concentration of rice yellow mottle virus. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV), 18-22 September, 1995, Mbe, WARDA/ADRAW, Bouake Cote d’Ivoire. Alegbejo MD 2001. Epidemiology of groundnut rosette virus of Samaru, Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. Nig. J. Entomo., 18: 95-102. Alegbejo MD & Banwo OO 2005a.Host plants of Bemisia tabaci Genn in northern Nigeria. J. Plant Protec. Res., 45:93-98. Alegbejo MD & Banwo OO 2005b. Relationship between some weather factors, maize streak virus genus mastrevirus incidence and vector population in northern Nigeria. J. Plant Protec. Res., 45(2): 99-105. Alegbejo MD, Raji BA, Abubakar IU & Banwo OO 2006. Rice yellow mottle virus disease A new disease of rice in Zamfara, Nigeria. Int. Rice Res. News, 33.1. Alkali G, Alegbejo MD, Kashina BD & Banwo OO 2012. Diversity of serological profiles of rice yellow mottle virus isolates in northern Nigeria.Bio.& Envtal. Sci. J. Tropics, 9(3): 168 -173. Alkali G, Alegbejo MD, Kashina BD & Banwo OO 2014a.First report of rice yellow mottle virus genus sobemovirus in Borno State, Nigeria. Nig. J. Experim. & Appl. Bio., 15: 87 – 91. Alkali G, Alegbejo MD, Kashina BD & Banwo OO 2014b. Molecular characterization and distribution of rice yellow mottle sobemovirus isolates in northern, Nigeria Nig. J. Experim.& Appl. Bio., 15, 93 – 99. Alkali G, Alegbejo MD, Kashina BD & Banwo OO 2015. Analysis of serological variability and hierarchical distribution of rice yellow mottle sobemovirus isolates in northern Nigeria. Int. Letters of Natural Sci., 37: 1 – 9. Alkali G, Alegbejo MD, Kashina BD & Banwo OO 2016. Assessment for growth and yield parameters of some rice;cultivars infected with rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus sobemovirus, FUW Trends in Sci. & Techn. J., 1(2): 307 – 312. Anno-Nyako FO & Twumasi KK 1995.The threat of RYMVand the future of rice production in Ghana. In: 1st Int. Symp. RYMV.18-22 Sept.1995, Mbe, WARDA, ADRAQ, Bouke, Cote d’Ivoire. Anonymous 2005.Oryza Africa Nigeria report http/www.oryza.com. Africa Nigeria index shml. Awoderu VA 1991a. Rice Yellow Mottle Virus in West Africa.Tropical Pest Mgt., 37:356-363. Awoderu VA 1991b. The rice yellow mottle virus situation in West Africa.J. Basic Microbio.,31(2): 91-99. Awoderu VA, Alam MS, Thottappilly G & Alluri K 1987. Occurrence of rice yellow mottle virus in upland rice in Cote d’Ivoire FAO-Plant Protection Bulletin, 35(1): 32-33. Bakker W 1970. Rice Yellow Mottle, a mechanically transmissible virus disease of rice in Kenya. Netherlands J. Plant Pathol.,76: 53-63. Bakker W 1971. Three new beetles vectors of rice yellow mottle virus in Kenya. Netherlands J. Plant Pathol.,77: 201-206. Bakker W 1974. Characterization and ecological aspect of rice yellow mottle virus in Kenya. Agricultural Research Doctoral thesis, University of Wageningen, the Netherlands, 152pp. Bakker W 1975. Rice yellow mottle virus. In: CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plants Viruses, edited by Hamson, B.D. and Murant, A.F. , Kew, United Kingdom Commonwealth Mycological Institute and Association of Applied Biologists, No. 149 pp 4. Banwo OO 2001. Vector identification, bionomics and molecular characterization of rice yellow mottle virus in Tanzania. 2nd Year Unpublished Ph.D. Progress Report. 56 pp. Banwo OO, Makundi RH, Abdallah RS, Mbapila JC & Kimmins FM 2002a. Bionomics and Importance of Two Species of Chaetocnema in Rice Yellow Mottle Virus Transmission in Lowland Rice in Tanzania.Phytoparasitica, 30: 96-104. Banwo OO, Winter S, Koerbler M, Abdullahi L, Abdullah RS & Marundi RH 2002b. Molecular characterization of rice yellow mottle virus isolates from Tanzania. In: 8th International. Plant Virus Epidemiology Symposium.May 12-17, 2002-Aschersleben, Germany. Banwo OO, Alegbejo MD & Abo ME 2004a. Rice yellow mottle virus genus sobemovirus: A continental problem in Africa. Plant Protection Science, 40:26-36. Banwo OO, Winter S, Koerbler M, Abdallah N & Makundi RH 2004b. Molecular variability and distribution of Rice yellow mottle virus in Tanzania. Acta Virologica, 48: 67-71. Breniere J 1983. Principal Insect Pests of Rice in West Africa and their Control.WARDA publication.Monrovia Liberia, second edition 87pp. Brugidou C, Bonneau C, Ngon A, Ayassi M, Holt C, Beach RN & Fauquent CM 1995. An infectious full length cDNA clone of RYMV. A molecular tool for Engineering Virus Resistance and Developing a viral expression vector, paper presented at the 1st Int. Symp. onRYMV 18-22 September, 1995, Mbe WARDA/ADRAQ, Bouake, Cote d’Ivoire. Chen CC 1991. Epidemiology and control of insect transmitted disease of rice. Taiwan proceedings of the international workshop on the implementation of integrated control of virus disease of important crops, held in TARI, Taiwan, April, 9-14, 1990. Chiu MT, Chiu YC & Wu YL 1986. Studies on the epidemiology of and varietal resistance in rice stripe disease. J. Agric. Assoc. China,135: 56-621. Coulibaly YM 1995. Le RYMV ou mosaique du riz. Une menance pour I’intensification de la riziculture a I office du Niger, paper presented at the 1st International Symp. On RYMV Mbe, 18-22 September 1995, WARDA/ADRAQ, Bouake, Cote d’Ivore. Edwardson IR, Puricifull DE & Chritie RG 1966.Electron microscropy of two small spherical plants viruses in thin sections.Canadian Journal of Botany, 44: 8-21. Fargette D, Pinel A, Halimi H, Brugidau C, Fauquent C & Van-Regenmortel M 2002. Comparing of molecular and immunological typing of isolates or rice yellow mottle virus.Archieves of Virology, 147: 583-596. Fargette D & Konaté G 2004.An overview of rice yellow mottle virus.In: Proceeding of a Conference Organized by IITA; Plant Virology for Sub-Saharan Africa 4-8 June 2001, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 1-17. Fargette D, Pinel A, Abubakar Z, Traore O, Brugidou C, Fatogoma S, Hebrard E, Choisy M, Sere Y, Fauquet C & Kanote G 2004. Inferring the evolutionary history of rice yellow mottle virus from genomic, phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies.Journal of Virology,78(7):3252-3261. Fauquet CM& Thouvenel JC 1977. Isolation of rice yellow mottle virus in Cote d’Ivoire.Plant Disease Reporter, 61: 443-446. Fauquet CM & Thouvenel JC 1987. Plant viral disease in Ivory Coast, initiations documentation techniques no 46 ORSTOM, Paris 243pp. Fauquet CM, Brugidiou C, Koussi N, Bonneous C, Ngon A, Ayassi M, Opalka N, Yeager M & Beachy RN 1995. Rice yellow mottle virus: A threat to African farmers and a model for plant virologists. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on RYMV, 18-22 September, 1995 Mbe,WARDA/ADRAO, Bouake, Cote d”Ivoire. Fomba SN 1988. Screening for seedling resistance of rice yellow mottle virus in some rice cultivar in Sierra Leone.Plant Disease,72: 641-642. Fomba SN 1990. Rice yellow mottle virus on Swamp rice in Guinea IRRI. Newsletter,15: 6. Hamadoun A, Coulibaly M, Coulibaly MY & Ahmadu M 1995. Status de la marbure du riz au Mali: Cas de I’ office du Niger. Paper presented at the 1st International symp. onRYMV, Mbe, 18-22, September, 1995; WARDA/ADRAQ, Bouake, Cote d’Ivoire. Harder DE & Bakker W 1973.African cereal streak, a new disease of cereal in East Africa.Phytopathology, 63:1407-1411. Hartman JX, Bath JE & Hopper GR 1973. Electron microscopy of virus-like particles from shoestring diseased high bush blueberry (Vacciniumcarmbocum L).Phytopathology, 63: 423. Hull R 1986. The potential for using dot-blot hybridization in the detection of plant viruses in: ones, R.A.C. Torrance, L. (eds) development and applications in virus testing. Development Application Biology, 1: 3-12. Hull R 1988.The Sobemovirus group. In Koening I.K. (eds). The plant viruses.Polyhedral virus with monopartite RNA genomes Plenum press, New York.Vol. 1.153-169. Hull R 1989.The movement of viruses in plants.Annual Review of Phytopathology, 27: 213- 240. Hynes E 2007. “Rice” Microsoft Student (DVD) Redmond WA Microsoft Corporation 2006. IITA 1981. Annual Report, Research highlights IITA, Ibadan Nigeria, p. 66. IITA 1982. Rice Research Program, Annual Report, Ibadan, Nigeria, p. 116.;IITA 1984.Annual Report, Rice improvement programme, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 19-22. IITA 1986. Annual Report, Research highlights, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 130-132. John VT & Thottappilly G 1987. A Scoring System for rice yellow mottle virus. Int. Rice Res. Newsletter,12: 26. John VT, Thottapilly G & Awoderu VA 1984.Occurrence of rice yellow virus in some Sahelian countries in West Africa.FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 32: 86-87. John VT, Masayo TM & Thottapilly G 1986.Breeding rice for resistance to rice yellow mottle virus.IITA Research Briefs, 7: 4-5. Kanyeka ZL, Kibanda J & Mbapila J 1996.Rice yellow mottle virus in Tanzania. In: Seminar, Potential and Constraints for Improvement of Rice Cultivation in Tanzania, 11-13 March, 1996, KATC, Moshi, Tanzania. Kanyeka ZL, Sanya E, Fargette D Pinel-Galzi A & Herbrard E 2007. Distribution and diversity of local strains of rice yellow mttle virusin Tanzania. Afr. Crop Sci. J., 15(4): 201-209. Kissimoto R 1969. Ecology of Insect Vectors, Forecasting and Chemical Control, in: Virus Disease of the Rice Plant, pp 243-255. Baltimore Maryland, John Hopkins Press. Koklu G & Yilmazi O 2004. Research on rice ragged stunt and rice yellow mottle viruses and rice in Edime, Turkey. Cereal Research Commission, 32(3): 389-395. Konate G 1995. Les Hotes relais du RYMVau Burkina Faso. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium of RYVMfrom 18-22 September, 1995, Mbe, MARDA/ADRAQ, Bouke, Coted’Ivoire. Konate G, Sarra S & Traore O 2002. Rice yellow mottle virus is seed-borne but not seed transmitted in rice seeds. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.,107: 361-364. Konaté G & Fargette D 2001.Overview of rice yellow mottle virus.In Proceeding of a Conference Organized by IITA; Plant Virology for Sub-Saharan Africa held 4-8 June 2001, Ibadan, Nigeria. Konate G, Traore O & Coulibaly M 1997. Characterization of rice yellow mottle virus isolates in Sudano-Sahelian area. Archives of Virology142:1117-1124. Kouassi NK, N’Guessan P, Albar L, Fauquet C & Brugidou C 2005. Distribution and characterization of Rice yellow mottle virus: a threat to African farmers. Plant Disease, 89:124-132. Luh BS 1980. Rice Production and Utilization.AVI Publishing Co Westport CT. 259 pp. Luo Y & Zeng SM 1995. Simulation studies on epidemics of wheat stripe rust (puccina striformis) on slow rusting cultivars and analysis of effects of resistance component. Plant Pathology,44(2): 340-349. Luzi-Kihupi A, Mcozi MRS, Mahagala RB, Mushobozy DMK & Nchimbi-msolla S 2000. Occurrence of rice yellow mottle virus in Tanzania.J. Agric. Sci., 3(2): 87-96. Luzi-Kihupi A 2001. Rice yellow mottle virus in Tanzania. In: Rice Research Workshop for rice researcher in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia, March 12-16, 2001. kilimanjaro Agricultural and Trainy Centre, Moshi, Tanzania. Mbodj Y, Sidibe BD & Sere Y 1984.Rice phytosanitary problem in the Sahel and attempts for solution. Paper presented at an international seminar organized by CILSSM on the integrated management of pests and disease in the Sahel, Niamey, Niger, 6-13 Dec. 1984. Mohammed NA & Mossop DW 1981. Cynosurus and Cocks foot mottle viruses: a comparison. Journal of General Virology, 55: 63. Moore SS 1993.Examining the Origins of Emerging Viruses. In Moore S. S. (ed) Emerging Viruses. New York Oxford University Press, pp. 10-28. Moore JM, Calzeda JP, Gagliano W & Grossniklaus U 1997. Genetic characterization of hadad, a mutant disrupting female gametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.Cold spring Herb symp.Quant. Biology, 62: 35-47. Ng NQ 1988. Use of African rice germplasm. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rice Testing Program for Africa, October 1987, Saint Louis, Senegal. N’Guessan NP, Sy AA & Fargette D 1995. Characterization Biologique at Seroqiqus d’ isolats du virus de la morbrare du riz en.Cote d”Ivoire. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on RYMV, 18-22 September, 1995 Mbe,WARDA/ADRAO, Bouake, Cote d”Ivoire. N’Guessan PN, Pinel A, Sy AA, Ghesquire A & Fargette D 2001. Distribution, pathogenicity and interactions of two strains of rice yellow mottle virus in forested and savanna zones of West Africa.Plant Disease, 85(1): 59-64. Nwilene FE, Sere Y, Ndjonodjop MN, Abo ME, Traore AK, Asidi AN, Onasanya A, Togola A & Agunbade TA 2009a. Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) and its Insects Vectors: Ecology and Control- Field Guide and Technical Manual. WARDA, Cotonou, 36 pp. Nwilene FE, Traore AK, Asidi AN, Sere Y, Onasanya A & Abo ME 2009b. New records of insect vectors of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa. Journal of Entomology, 6: 189-197. Ochola D & Tuslime G 2011a.Survey on incidences and severity of rice yellow mottle virus disease in eastern Uganda.Int. J. Plant Pathol., 2: 15-25. Ochola D & Tuslime G 2011b.Pathogenicity of rice yellow mottle virus and the potential sources of resistance against the disease in Eastern Uganda.Asian J. Plant Pathol.,5(1): 1-15. Okioma SNM, Mackoki RN & Gathuru EM 1983. Alternate hosts of rice yellow mottle virus in the Lake Victoria Basin in Kenya. Tropical Pest Mgt.,29(3): 295-296. Onasanya A, Sere Y, Nwilene F, Abo ME & Akator K 2004. Reactions and resistance status of differential rice genotypes to rice yellow mottle virus Genus sobemovirus in Cote d’Ivoire. Asian J. Plant Sci., 3(6): 718-723. Onasanya A, Nwilene FE, Sere Y & Abo ME 2006.Screening for rice yellow mottle virus resistance using insect vectors.Africa Rice Congress 31, July -4 August 2006 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Onasanya RO, Olafolaji DB, Onasanya A, Sere Y, Nwilene FE, Wopereis M & Kiepe P 2011. Occurrence, Distribution and Characterazation of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus Genus Sobemovirus in Southwest , Nigeria. Trends in Appl. Sci. Res., 6: 1301-1323. Onasanya A, Joseph A, Olafolaji DB, Ekperigin MM, Sere Y, Nwilene FE, Kiepe P & Onasanya A 2012. RYMV Serological detection in insect vector, distribution and transmission to rice cultivars.Trends in Appl. Sci. Res., 7: 46-56. Onwughalu JT, Abo ME, Okoro JK, Onasanya A & Sere Y 2011.Rice yellow mottle virus infection and Reproductive losses in Rice (Oryza sativa Linn.)Trends in Appl. Sci. Res., 6: 182-189. Onyishi GC, Ajagu CO, Omucha ER, Okperie EO & Dialoke SA 2010. Evaluation of the performance of upland rice cultivars as affected by fertilizer levels in a clay loam ultisol. The Nig. Agric. J., 41(1): 71-76. Opakla N, Fauquent CM, Johnson J, Beachy RN & Yeager K 1995. Three dimensional structure analysis of RYMV. In: 1st International symposium on RYMV, Mbe, 18-22;September 1995 WARDA/ADRAQ, Bouake Cote d’Ivoire. Pinel-Galzi A & Fargette D 2006.First report of rice yellow mottle virus in rice in Uganda.Plant Disease, 90:683. Pinel A, N’Guerssan P, Bousalem M & Fargette D 2000. Molecular variability of geographical distinct isolates of rice yellow mottle virus in Africa.Archives of Virology,145: 1621-1638. Pinto YM 2000. Transgenic resistance to rice yellow mottle virus disease: highlighting some of the issues facing the potential introduction of biotechnological product into Africa. Agric. Biotech. Newsletter, 2: 1-4. Raymundo SA 1980. Disease of rice in Sierra Leone: Technical bulletin No. 1 Rokupr, Sierra Leone Rice Research Station. Raymundo SA & Buddenhagen IW 1976. A rice disease in West Africa Int. Rice Commission Newsletter, 29: 51-53. Raymundo SA & Konteh IK 1980.Distribution, importance, screening method and varietals reaction to rice pale yellow mottle disease.International Rice Commission newsletter, 29:51-53. Raymundo SA, Buddenhanhen IW, Fomba SN & Akinbbo-Betts DT 1979. Recent advances in knowledge of rice viruses and resistance to a beetle transmitted mottle of rice in West Africa. In: seminar proceedings No. 6, Rice Breeding and varietals improvement II West Africa Rice Development Association, pp. 203-212, September 13-17, 1979. Reckhaus PM & Adamou I 1986. Rice disease and their economic importance in Niger.FAO Plant Protection Bulletin,34: 77-82. Reckhaus PM Adriamasintseheno HE 1995. Developing of an IPM Strategy to fight RYMV and constraint to its implementation in Madagascar; paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on RYMV18-22 Sept., 1995 Mbe, WARDA/ADRAQ, Bouake Cote d’Ivoire, pp. 232 – 236. Reckhaus PM & Adriamasintseheno HE 1997. Rice yellow mottle virus in Madagascar and its epidemiology in North West of the Island.J. Plant Disease Protection, 104(3): 289-295. Reckhaus PM & Randrianangaly S 1990. Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) on rice in Madagascar. International Rice Research Newsletter.15: 30 -30. Rossel HV & Thottappilly G 1985. Virus disease of important food crops in tropical Africa. IITA publication series, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria 67 pp. Rossel HW, Thottappilly G, Adenti AA & Alam KZ 1982a.A New record of rice yellow mottle virus disease in Nigeria.International Rice Commission Newsletter, 29: 51-53. Rossel HW, Thottappilly G & Buddenhagen IW 1982b. Occurrence of rice yellow mottle in virus in tow important rice growing areas of Nigeria FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 31: 137-139. Salaudeen MT 2007. Sero-distribution, Varietal resistance and wild host of Rice yellow mottle virus genus Sobemovirus in North Western Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis.Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.130 pp. Salaudeen MT, Banwo OO, Kashina BD & Alegbejo MD 2008a. Preliminary studies on the serotypes and sero-distribution of rice yellow mottle sobemovirus in northern Nigeria. Bio.& Envtal. Sci. J. Tropics, 5(1): 23-25. Salaudeen MT, Banwo OO, Kashina BD, Alegbejo MD 2008b. Effect of Rice Yellow Mottle Sobemovirus on yield in some rice cultivars.Bio.& Envtal. Sci. J. Tropics, 5(1): 27-34. Schalbroeack JJ 2001. Rice (Oryza sativa L) In: Raemaekers R.H. (eds). Crop production in tropical Africa Directorate General for International Cooperation (DALC), pp. 59-78. Sere Y 1991. Phytopathlogie du riz synthesis des activities: 1990 In: Rapport d’activites du programme Riz Doc. Roneot. INERA Ouaaugua, pp. 72-79. Séré Y, Onasanya A, Akator K, Afolabi AS & Abo ME 2007. Serological Differentiation Indices and Phylogenetic Analysis of Rice yellow mottle virus Isolates in Cote d`Ivoire. J. Bio. Sci., 7(7): 1147-1154. Sere Y, Onasanya A, Nwilene FE, Abo ME & Akator K 2008.Potential of insect vector screening method for development of durable resistant cultivars to rice yellow mottle virus disease.Int. J. Virol., 4: 41-47. Shaner G 1981.Effect of environment on fungal leaf blight of small grains.Annual Review of Phytopathology, 19: 273-296. Singh BN 1995. Breeding for rice yellow mottle virus resistance. A paper presented at the 1st International Symposium of RYMV, held at WARDA, Mbe/Bouake, and 18-22 Sept. 1995. Singh BN, Fagade S, Ukwungwu MN, Williams C, Jagtap SS, Oladimeji OM, Efisue A & Okhidieubie O 1997. Rice growing environment and biophysical constraints in different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. Meteorological Journal, 2(1): 35-44. Sorho F, Pinel A, Traoré O, Bersoult A, Ghesquière A, Hébrard E, Konaté G, Séré Y & Fargette D 2005. Durability of natural and transgenic resistances in rice to rice yellow mottle virus. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.,112: 349-359. Sun HW, Tae SK, Seong WC, Jung GA, Kenn YC, Byung ML, Yong GC, Hong SK, Beon HS, Chul WI & Seong KJ 2006. Separation and characterization of spikelet protein at young microspore stage in rice. Korean J. Crop Sci., 51(1): 66-72. Sy AA 1994. The Integrated Pest Management Task Force (IPM-TF) monitoring Tour in Mali, November, 1994. Sy AA & Akator K 1993. Varietals profiles for rice yellow mottle virus. WARDA Annual Report, 1992, 01 BP 2551 Bouake (1) Cote d’Ivoire, pp. 20-21. Sy AA, Alluri K, Akator K 1993. Selection of RYMV resistant and estimation of RYMV induced yield loss under natural and artificial pressure. In: WARDA Annual Report for 1993. WARDA Bouake Cote d’Ivoire, pp. 44-45. Taylor DR 1989. Resistance of upland rice varieties to pale yellow mottle virus disease in Sierra Leone, IRRI Newsletter, 14: 11. Taylor DR, Fofie AS & Sunna M 1990. Natural infection of rice yellow mottle virus on rice in Sierra Leone.IRRI Newsletter,15(5): 9. Thottappilly G & Rossel HW 1993a.Plant virus disease of importance to African Agriculture.Journal of Phytopathology, 134:205-288. Thottappilly G & Rossel HW 1993b.Evaluation of resistance to rice yellow mottle virus in Oryza species.Indian J. Virol.,9(1): 65-73. Thottappilly G, Varlent JWM, Rossel HW & Seghal OP 1992.Rottboellia yellow mottle virus. A new Sobemovirus affecting Rotboellia cochinchinensis (Itch grass) in Nigeria. Annals of Applied Biology,112: 405-415. Thresh JM 1989. Insect borne viruses of rice and the green revolution.Tropical Pest Mgt.,35: 264-272. Thresh JM 1991. The ecology of tropical plant viruses.Plant Pathology, 40: 324-339. Traore O, Pinel A, Fargette D & Konate G 2001. First report and characterization of rice yellow mottle virus in Central Africa. Plant Disease, 85: 9-20.;Traore O, Sorho F, Pinel A, Abubakar Z, Banwo OO, Maley J, Herbrard E, Winter S, Sere C, Konate G & Fargette D 2005. Processes of diversification and dispersion of rice yellow mottle virus inferred from large scale and high resolution phylogeographical studies. Molecular Ecology,14: 2097-2110. Traoré O, Pine A, Hébrard E, Dieudonné Gumedzoé MY, Fargette D, Traoré SA & Konaté G 2006. Occurrence of resistance-breaking isolates of rice yellow mottle virus in West and Central Africa.Plant Disease, 90: 259-263. Traore O, Pinel-Galzi A, Sorho S, Rakotomalala M, Sanga E, Kanyeka Z, Sere Y, Konate G & Fargette D 2009. A reassessment of the epidemiology of Rice yellow mottle virus following recent advance in field and molecular studies. Virus Research, 141(2): 258-267. Tsuboi T, Goto A, Bona B & Kato H 1995. Outbreak of rice yellow mottle virus in paddy rice in Bandoma basin of Cote d’Ivoire and its epidemiological cause’s paper presented at the 1st International Symposium of RYMV from 18-22 Sept. 1995, WARDA, Bouake Cote d’Ivoire, pp. 93 – 99. WARDA 1995.Annual Report, WARDA/ADRAQ 01 B.P. 2551, Bouake Cote d’Ivoire. Wopereis MCS, Defoer T, Idinoba P, Diock S & Dugue MJ 2008. Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR) for Integrated Rice Management (IRM) in Inland Valleys of Sub Saharan Africa. Technical Manual, Africa Rice center, Cotonou, Benin, pp. 128. Yaboue WN 1989. Screening for resistance to RYMV in Cote d’Ivoire. In: Report on monitoring tours to West African countries, 1988 and 1989; International Rice Testing Programme for Africa, pp. 50-51. Zhang H, Li G, Li W & Song F 2009. Transgenic strategies for improving rice disease resistance. Afr. J. Biotechn., 8(9): 1735-1757. Zouzou M, Kouakou TH, Kone M & Issaka S 2008. Screening rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties for resistance to rice yellow mottle virus.Scientific Res. & Essay, 3(9): 216-224.
